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Adjustment disorders are estimated to be between 2% and 8% in community-based samples of children, adolescents and among the elderly. Children who are placed in foster care or are orphaned are at a much higher risk of developing reactive attachment disorder. It is estimated that approximately 1% of children under the age of five have some degree of reactive attachment disorder. The prevalence rates of acute stress disorder are between 6% and 94% depending upon the type of stressor involved. The rate among children does not seem to be currently available although it is recognized that children who have experienced traumatic events are also at very high risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder. The lifetime prevalence rate among men is 3.6% with a rate of 9.7% among women. The prevalence rate of traumatic related disorders is very high among the general population in the United States. Traumatic events may also include witnessing a person’s death or serious injury through violence, war, accidents or natural disasters. Some of the more common traumatic events have included sexual and physical assault, robbery, combat, terrorist attacks being kidnapped and taken hostage, being tortured, disasters, child abuse, automobile accidents and life-threatening illnesses. The trauma is always experienced as overwhelming the individual’s ability to cope. Traumatic events can affect different people in very different ways, but have the overall experience of threatening their physical, emotional or spiritual welfare.
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Stressful events can be either emotionally or physically harmful or both and can involve either a single experience or repetitive events over a period of time. The term trauma usually refers to a significant response to a very distressing experience such as a terrible accident, sexual assault, abuse, combat or exposure to natural or human disasters. The traumatic event can be experienced by a family member or friend, having a significant effect on the individual receiving the diagnosis. The stressor or traumatic event can be either directly or indirectly experienced or witnessed by an individual receiving a diagnosis of either post traumatic stress disorder or acute stress disorder. Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders: Overviewīesides being placed in the new category, a significant change includes the necessity for the stressor criterion for posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder to be met. These disorders are now included in the same diagnostic category in the DSM-V because of their common roots in external events. In the previous DSM-IV-TR, acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder were included in the anxiety disorders category. This category now includes post traumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, reactive attachment disorder (RAD), adjustment disorders and the new diagnostic category, disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED). The trauma and stressor related disorders category is a new chapter in the DSM-V. Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders: New category